Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate powder

Description

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Identity & Molecular Data

• Chemical name: (-)-Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate
• CAS #: 6119‑47‑7  
• EC number: 205‑001‑1  
• Molecular formula: C₂₀H₂₅ClN₂O₂·2 H₂O
• Molar mass: ~396.9 g/mol  
• Optical rotation: –230 ± 5° ([α]²⁰/D)  

Physical Properties

• Appearance: White to off-white powder  
• Melting point: 115–116 °C (decomposes)  
• Solubility: ~62.5 g/L in water; also cited as 0.25 mg in 5 mL H₂O in pharma tests  
• pH: ~6.0 when 1% solution at 20 °C   
• Bulk density: ~310 kg/m³  

Applications & Uses

• Antimalarial medication: Especially for Plasmodium falciparum resistant to chloroquine, used orally or IV  
• Fluorometric reagent: Commonly used in fluorescence assays (excitation/emission: ~322/450 nm in water)  
• Actinometry: Employed for measuring light in photochemical research  

Mode of Action & Pharmacology

• Antimalarial mechanism: Inhibits hemozoin formation in parasites, disrupting digestion of hemoglobin; may also inhibit nucleic-acid synthesis and glycolysis  
• Other effects: Potassium channel blockade in enteric neurons; acts as blood schizonticide  

Safety & Handling

• Hazard classification: Oral acute tox 4; respiratory/skin sensitizer  
• LD₅₀ (rat, oral): ~620 mg/kg  
• Hazard statements: Harmful if swallowed; may cause allergic skin reactions and asthma; handle with care  
• Precautions: Wear gloves, eye protection, dust mask (N95), work in ventilated area; avoid dust inhalation  
• Storage: Below +30 °C; dispose per organic reagent guidelines  

Regulatory Status & Warnings

• Medical use: Approved for malaria; no longer first-line due to alternatives; off-label use for leg cramps discouraged by FDA & FDA bans OTC usage for cramps  
• Side effects: Cinchonism (headache, tinnitus, visual changes); severe reactions include arrhythmia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, renal failure  
• Contraindications: Avoid in G6PD deficiency, heart conduction disorders; interacts via CYP2D6 inhibition  
• Food & beverage uses: Flavoring agent in tonic water, limited to ≤100 mg/L in EU and ≤83 ppm in US  

Industry & Research Use

• Pharmacopeia grade: Compliant with USP/NF and Ph.Eur standards  
• Research grade: Pure, fluorescent-grade powder (≥98%), used in spectroscopy and fluorescence studies  

Trivia & Anecdotes

• Tonic water’s origin: Developed to mask quinine’s bitterness; gin and tonic originated from this practice  
• Fluorescence: Under UV light, quinine glows cyan—often used in fun demos  

Property	Value
CAS	6119‑47‑7
Formula	C₂₀H₂₅ClN₂O₂·2 H₂O
Mol. mass	~396.9 g/mol
Melting point	115–116 °C (decomp.)
Solubility	~62.5 g/L (∞ water), pH ~6
Hazard	Acute oral tox; skin/lung sensitizer; LD₅₀ ≈ 620 mg/kg (rat)
Uses	Antimalarial; fluorescent reagent; flavoring
Regulatory notes	Restricted for leg cramps (US); limited beverage presence
Pharmacology	Blood schizonticide; CYP2D6 inhibitor; may cause cinchonism